en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopsticks
2 corrections found
Sima Qian wrote that it is likely that chopsticks were also used in the preceding Xia dynasty and even the earlier Erlitou culture
This is an anachronism. Sima Qian could discuss the Xia dynasty, but he could not have written about the 'Erlitou culture,' which is a modern archaeological term for a site first identified in 1959.
Full reasoning
The sentence attributes to Sima Qian a statement about the Erlitou culture. That cannot be correct.
Sima Qian was a Han-dynasty historian who lived in the 2nd century BCE. By contrast, "Erlitou" is a modern archaeological designation for a site/culture identified in the 20th century. The People's Government of Henan states that the Erlitou site was first discovered in 1959. Because the term and archaeological framework are modern, Sima Qian could not have written that chopsticks were used in the "earlier Erlitou culture."
At most, a modern editor could infer a possible connection between Sima Qian's discussion of early Chinese antiquity and what archaeologists now call Erlitou. But the article's wording incorrectly presents that modern inference as something Sima Qian himself wrote.
2 sources
- Sima Qian | Chinese Historian, Scientist & Father of Chinese Historiography | Britannica
Sima Qian (born c. 145 bce ... died c. 87 bce) was an astronomer, calendar expert, and the first great Chinese historian.
- Henan, Where China Began丨Discover 'earliest China' at Erlitou site in Luoyang
The Erlitou site, first discovered in 1959, is located near Erlitou village of Luoyang's Yanshi district ... According to a news briefing ... the Erlitou culture, represented by the Erlitou site...
Confucius' reference to chopsticks in his Book of Rites
This misattributes the source. The chopsticks passage is in the Book of Rites (Liji), a later anthology of ritual texts, and the relevant line in Qu Li I is not presented there as a quotation by Confucius.
Full reasoning
The article attributes a chopsticks passage to Confucius and calls the Book of Rites his book. That is inaccurate.
The Liji (Book of Rites) is not a book authored by Confucius. UBC Library's overview describes it as "a collection of essays on rituals and ritual principles written between the Warring States period ... to the Han Dynasty" and notes that scholars traditionally believed it was recorded and compiled by Confucius's disciples.
The chopsticks line itself appears in Qu Li I of the Liji: "If the soup be made with vegetables, chopsticks should be used; but not if there be no vegetables." In the text, this appears as a ritual rule inside the anthology, not as a quotation spoken by Confucius.
So the passage may still be evidence that chopsticks were known in early China, but calling it "Confucius' reference" in "his Book of Rites" is a misattribution.
2 sources
- Liji 禮記 - UBC Library Open Collections
The Liji 禮記, translated as "Record of Rites" or "Book of Rites", is a collection of essays on rituals and ritual principles written between the Warring States period ... to the Han Dynasty ... recorded and compiled by Confucius's disciples.
- Liji : Qu Li I - Chinese Text Project
羹之有菜者用梜,其無菜者不用梜。 / If the soup be made with vegetables, chopsticks should be used; but not if there be no vegetables.