en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Memorandum
3 corrections found
comprises four substantially identical political agreements
The Budapest Memoranda were three parallel memoranda, not four. The separate French and Chinese assurances were different documents, not a fourth Budapest memorandum.
Full reasoning
Official treaty records and standard reference summaries describe three Budapest memoranda: one for Ukraine, one for Belarus, and one for Kazakhstan.
- The UN Treaty Collection has a separate entry for the Ukraine memorandum.
- It also has a separate entry for the Belarus memorandum.
- Arms Control Association’s overview of the 1994 agreement says that after the Ukraine memorandum, “Parallel memorandums were signed for Belarus and Kazakhstan as well.”
That adds up to three Budapest memoranda, not four. France and China did issue separate security-assurance statements in 1994, but those were separate documents, not an additional Budapest memorandum.
3 sources
- Ukraine, Nuclear Weapons, and Security Assurances at a Glance | Arms Control Association
To solidify security commitments to Ukraine, the United States, Russia, and the United Kingdom signed the Budapest Memorandum... Parallel memorandums were signed for Belarus and Kazakhstan as well.
- UN Treaty Collection: Memorandum on security assurances in connection with Ukraine's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Registration Number 52241. Title: Memorandum on security assurances in connection with Ukraine's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
- UN Treaty Collection: Memorandum of Security Assurances in connection with Accession of the Republic of Belarus to the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Registration Number 50069. Title: Memorandum of Security Assurances in connection with Accession of the Republic of Belarus to the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
The four memoranda were originally signed by four nuclear powers: Ukraine, Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
This misstates who signed the Budapest memoranda. The Belarus memorandum was signed by Belarus, Russia, the UK, and the US; the Ukraine memorandum was signed by Ukraine, Russia, the UK, and the US; and a parallel memorandum existed for Kazakhstan.
Full reasoning
This sentence gets the signatories wrong.
The Budapest Memoranda were not a single set of documents all signed by Ukraine, Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Instead, there were parallel memoranda for different post-Soviet states:
- The UN Treaty Collection entry for the Belarus memorandum lists the participants as Belarus, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, and United States of America.
- The UN Treaty Collection entry for the Ukraine memorandum lists the participants as Russian Federation, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and United States of America.
- Arms Control Association’s summary adds that parallel memorandums were signed for Belarus and Kazakhstan as well.
So the signatories were not the same four states across all memoranda, and two of the memoranda were for Belarus and Kazakhstan, not Ukraine.
3 sources
- UN Treaty Collection: Memorandum of Security Assurances in connection with Accession of the Republic of Belarus to the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Participant(s): Belarus; Russian Federation; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; United States of America.
- UN Treaty Collection: Memorandum on security assurances in connection with Ukraine's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Participant(s): Russian Federation; Ukraine; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; United States of America.
- Ukraine, Nuclear Weapons, and Security Assurances at a Glance | Arms Control Association
Parallel memorandums were signed for Belarus and Kazakhstan as well.
Article 42.7 of the Mutual Defence Clause of the European Defence Union for European Union members
Article 42(7) is a clause of the Treaty on European Union, not of a separate 'European Defence Union.' EU sources describe it as the EU’s mutual assistance clause.
Full reasoning
This reference misidentifies the legal source.
Official EU sources describe Article 42(7) TEU as the European Union’s mutual assistance clause. The relevant treaty is the Treaty on European Union (TEU), not a separate legal instrument called the “European Defence Union.”
So if the article wants to compare the Budapest Memorandum to an EU mutual-defence provision, the correct reference is Article 42(7) of the Treaty on European Union.
2 sources
- Article 42(7) TEU - The EU's mutual assistance clause | EEAS
Article 42(7) TEU is the European Union's mutual assistance clause.
- Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union
Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union ... This treaty was originally signed in Maastricht in 1992.