All corrections
Wikipedia July 8, 2026 at 06:20 PM

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Necker

6 corrections found

1
Claim
a value-added tax
Correction

This is the wrong kind of tax. A VAT is a modern consumption tax introduced in France in 1954, whereas the vingtième d'industrie was an 18th-century tax on income from commercial and industrial activity.

Full reasoning

The article labels the vingtième d'industrie as "a value-added tax", but those are not the same thing.

  • A value-added tax (VAT) is a consumption tax collected at each stage of production/distribution on the value added. Tax Foundation defines VAT this way.
  • Citéco's history of French taxation dates the introduction of VAT in France to 1954.
  • A University of Lorraine legal-history bibliography entry summarizing research on the vingtième d'industrie explains that the vingtième was "un impôt sur le revenu" and that it applied to categories of income including commercial, artisanal, and industrial activities.

So the article's wording is inaccurate: the vingtième d'industrie was an income tax on industrial/commercial earnings, not a modern VAT.

3 sources
2
Claim
In 1788, insurrections broke out in Brittany, and Necker was sacked again.
Correction

Necker was not dismissed in 1788. He was recalled to office in 1788 and then dismissed on 23 June 1789 before being recalled again in July 1789.

Full reasoning

This sentence gets Necker's chronology backwards.

The Palace of Versailles' biography of Jacques Necker states that he was "Recalled by Louis XVI in 1788". It then says that he was "sacked by Louis XVI" only after he declined to attend the king's address on 23 June 1789, and that he was recalled for a third time in July 1789.

So Necker was not "sacked again" in 1788. His second return to office happened in 1788, and his next dismissal happened in June 1789.

1 source
  • Jacques Necker | Château de Versailles

    Recalled by Louis XVI in 1788 ... He declined to attend the king's address on 23 June 1789, and was duly sacked by Louis XVI. Recalled for a third time in July 1789...

3
Claim
The deputies in the Convention prepared a surety for future issues of paper money (on 19 June and 29 July).
Correction

The legislative body in June and July 1790 was not the National Convention. The National Convention first sat on 20 September 1792; July 1790 assignat debates were in the National Assembly.

Full reasoning

This sentence uses the wrong assembly name for events in 1790.

The National Convention did not yet exist in June or July 1790. A Britannica/Wikisource text on the National Convention states that it "sat from the 20th of September 1792" and that "The first session was held on the 20th of September 1792."

By contrast, the cited assignat discussion of 29 July 1790 is preserved in Archives Parlementaires as proceedings of the Assemblée: "discussion du projet de décret ... sur l'émission des assignats" during the séance du 29 juillet 1790.

So referring to "the deputies in the Convention" for June/July 1790 is anachronistic; the relevant deputies were those of the National Assembly (more precisely, the National Constituent Assembly).

2 sources
4
Claim
municipal bonds
Correction

This uses the wrong financial term. Municipal bonds are issued by state or local governments, while France financed the American war mainly through royal/state borrowing.

Full reasoning

The phrase "municipal bonds" is incorrect here.

A municipal bond is debt issued by state or local governments, not by a national monarchy or central state treasury. Cornell's Legal Information Institute defines municipal bonds as debt issued by "state, municipal, or county governments".

For France's financing of the American War, the historical literature describes the crown as having financed the war almost entirely by borrowing. An NBER paper on French war finance states that France used borrowing to finance the war and gives totals for war costs and borrowing by the crown.

So the article should not call these municipal bonds. The relevant instruments were state/royal loans or government borrowing, not bonds issued by municipalities.

2 sources
5
Claim
In 1783, Morris cut off interest payments to France, its largest foreign creditor.
Correction

The date and attribution are wrong. U.S. interest payments to France stopped in 1785, and Robert Morris had left the superintendent role in 1784.

Full reasoning

This sentence conflicts with standard U.S. diplomatic and archival histories.

  • The U.S. Department of State's Office of the Historian says the Confederation government "stop[ped] payments of interest to France in 1785".
  • The Library of Congress says Robert Morris was the Superintendent of Finance from 1781–1784.

So the claim that Morris cut off French interest payments in 1783 is incorrect on both the date and the officeholder. The stoppage the sources describe occurred in 1785, after Morris's tenure had ended.

2 sources
6
Claim
the title of Controller-General of Finances
Correction

Necker was recalled in 1788 as Director-General of Finances, not Controller-General. Contemporary and reference sources note that, as a Protestant foreigner, he did not hold the controller-general title.

Full reasoning

This misstates Necker's office in 1788.

George Mason University's Liberty, Equality, Fraternity timeline entry for 24 August 1788 says Necker replaced Brienne "with the title of Director General of Finances".

Brown University's reference entry likewise says Necker "did not have the title controller general, because he was a foreigner and a Protestant" and that in 1788 Louis XVI recalled him "as director-general of finances and minister of state."

So the article's statement that he had or insisted on "the title of Controller-General of Finances" is inaccurate; the title he actually held on his recall was Director-General of Finances.

2 sources
Model: OPENAI_GPT_5 Prompt: v1.16.0