en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India
2 corrections found
It is described in the ancient text Mahabharata under the name of "Pasha".
Game-history scholarship does not support identifying the Mahabharata’s dice game as pachisi. The epic’s dicing episode does not describe the cruciform pachisi/chaupar board game, and specialists say that identification lacks textual basis.
Full reasoning
This sentence conflates the Mahabharata's dice game with pachisi/chaupar.
A peer-reviewed study on the early history of chaupar/pachisi notes that the popular belief that the game goes back to the Mahabharata is a misconception, and that the available evidence for the cruciform game only goes back much later. In the article's detailed discussion of the Mahabharata dicing episode, the author explains that the text describes play with dice/nuts, but does not mention a board or pawns, and concludes: "The lack of any textual basis for the claim that Yudhiṣṭhira and Śakuni played caupaṛ has been pointed out by game scholars many times over."
So while the Mahabharata famously contains a gambling episode, that is not hard evidence that the game was pachisi, nor that pachisi was described there under the name "Pasha."
2 sources
- The Crux of the Cruciform: Retracing the Early History of Chaupar and Pachisi (University of Copenhagen research portal)
Abstract: "It challenges the popular view that the cruciform game of caupaṛ or paccīsī dates back to ancient times, and shows that available evidence only allows us to trace it back to the 15th century."
- The Crux of the Cruciform: Retracing the Early History of Chaupar and Pachisi (Board Game Studies Journal)
The article explains that the Mahabharata dicing episode "does not mention the presence of any board or pawns" and that "The lack of any textual basis for the claim that Yudhiṣṭhira and Śakuni played caupaṛ has been pointed out by game scholars many times over."
is a traditional boat race held in the Punnamada Lake of Kerala, India.
Vallam kali is not limited to Punnamada Lake. Official Kerala Tourism material describes vallam kali as a broader class of Kerala boat races, with Punnamada Lake being the venue of the Nehru Trophy race, only one famous vallam kali.
Full reasoning
This wording wrongly narrows vallam kali to a single venue.
Official Kerala Tourism describes vallamkali broadly as Kerala's boat-race tradition and says there are more than 100 boat races in Kerala, adding that the most famous one is the Nehru Trophy Boat Race in Alappuzha, where people arrive at Punnamada Lake to watch it. In other words, Punnamada Lake is the site of a famous particular vallam kali, not the definition of vallam kali itself.
A separate official Kerala Tourism page on the Champakkulam Boat Race says that event is "known locally as Vallam Kali", confirming that vallam kali refers to boat races in multiple locations, not just Punnamada Lake.
2 sources
- Vallamkali - Resplendent Water Regattas of Kerala | Kerala Tourism
"There are more than 100 boat races in Kerala and the most famous one is the Nehru Trophy Boat Race ... People from far and wide arrive at Punnamada Lake to watch this unique water sport."
- Champakkulam Boat Race : A Tradition of Competition and Thrill | Kerala Tourism
"The Champakkulam Boat Race ... Known locally as Vallam Kali, this annual event is deeply rooted in tradition..."