en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne
4 corrections found
vote on his referendum
The 1787 Assembly of Notables was not a referendum. It was a hand-picked advisory body of 144 notable men, whereas a referendum is a direct public vote.
Full reasoning
Calling this a "referendum" is historically wrong.
A referendum is a process in which a measure is submitted to the public/electorate for a direct vote. By contrast, the Assembly of Notables convened by Louis XVI in February 1787 was a carefully selected group of 144 elite figures—princes, bishops, noblemen, magistrates, intendants, provincial representatives, and mayors—summoned to consider Calonne's program.
So Calonne did not have the notables "vote on his referendum"; he sought the backing of a selected advisory assembly, not a popular vote of the electorate.
2 sources
- referendum | Wex | Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School
A referendum is a process in which an election is used to refer a significant final decision to the public, which then directly votes to decide the outcome.
- Estates-General | Encyclopedia.com
The Assembly of Notables was a carefully selected group of 144 men, including 7 princes of the blood, 14 bishops, 36 titled noblemen, 12 intendants and councillors of state, 38 magistrates from the parlements, 12 representatives from the pays d'état ... and 25 mayors.
Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune, a noted Swiss economist and Jacques Necker, an eminent French banker
This reverses their national backgrounds: Turgot was French, while Necker was Swiss/Genevan, not the other way around.
Full reasoning
The article has these two men's national identities backwards.
The Château de Versailles' biography of Turgot identifies him as born in Paris and describes his career in the French state, beginning: "Né en 1727 à Paris...".
Its biography of Jacques Necker explicitly describes him as a "banquier d'origine suisse"—a banker of Swiss origin—who made his fortune in Paris.
So Turgot was not Swiss, and Necker was not simply a French banker; the sentence reverses their backgrounds.
2 sources
- Turgot | Château de Versailles
Né en 1727 à Paris... Louis XVI ... le nomme, en 1774, contrôleur général des Finances.
- Jacques Necker | Château de Versailles
Banquier d'origine suisse ayant fait fortune à Paris, Jacques Necker est célèbre pour sa carrière de ministre des Finances.
implemented property added value tax
Calonne did not implement a “property added value tax.” His best-known 1787 reform was a proposed general land tax, and the Assembly of Notables refused to adopt it.
Full reasoning
This phrase misstates both the type of tax and its status.
Calonne's 1787 program centered on a general/direct land tax (the subvention territoriale), not on any tax described in the historical literature as a "property added value tax." In Calonne's own address to the Assembly of Notables, he proposed replacing the vingtièmes with "a general land tax covering the whole area of the kingdom" and having taxation administered through provincial assemblies.
It also was not implemented. Standard reference works summarize that Calonne proposed a direct land tax, provincial assemblies, and a stamp tax, but that the Assembly of Notables refused to back his program.
So the article's wording is inaccurate in two ways: it uses the wrong tax label, and it implies implementation when the measure was only proposed and then blocked.
2 sources
- Calonne, "Programs of Reform," Address to Assembly of Notables (1787) | World History Commons
At the opening session, on 22 February 1787, Calonne addressed the assembly and proposed a uniform tax across the kingdom... The vingtièmes will be replaced by a general land tax covering the whole area of the kingdom.
- Calonne, Charles Alexandre de | Encyclopedia.com
He then proposed a direct land tax and the calling of provincial assemblies to apportion it, a stamp tax, and the reduction of some privileges of the nobles and clergy. To gain support, Calonne had King Louis XVI call an Assembly of Notables, but the Assembly (1787) refused to consider Calonne's proposals.
property tax on nobles and clergy
Calonne's proposed land tax was not limited to nobles and clergy. It was designed as a general tax on land/property without exemption, including privileged orders.
Full reasoning
This wording is too narrow. Calonne's famous subvention territoriale was not a tax aimed only at the nobility and clergy; it was intended as a general land tax applying across the kingdom without the old exemptions.
In Calonne's 1787 address to the Assembly of Notables, he explained that the existing vingtièmes would be replaced by "a general land tax covering the whole area of the kingdom" and stressed that "every kind of privilege" would be incompatible with it. The same source adds that church lands would necessarily be included in the assessment. Standard reference works likewise summarize his proposal as a direct land tax plus provincial assemblies and related reforms.
So describing it as a tax merely "on nobles and clergy" understates the core point of the reform: it was supposed to apply broadly, not just to those two orders.
2 sources
- Calonne, "Programs of Reform," Address to Assembly of Notables (1787) | World History Commons
The vingtièmes will be replaced by a general land tax covering the whole area of the kingdom... and finally by making every kind of privilege incompatible. The lands of the [Roman Catholic] Church would necessarily be included in this general assessment.
- Calonne, Charles Alexandre de | Encyclopedia.com
He then proposed a direct land tax and the calling of provincial assemblies to apportion it, a stamp tax, and the reduction of some privileges of the nobles and clergy.