All corrections
Wikipedia August 3, 2026 at 01:08 PM

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulacra_and_Simulation

4 corrections found

1
Claim
Paul Foss, Paul Batton & Philip Beitchman
Correction

The translator's surname is Paul Patton, not "Paul Batton." Bibliographic records for the 1983 English translation list Paul Foss, Paul Patton, and Philip Beitchman.

Full reasoning

This appears to be a typo in the translator list. A University of California, Irvine bibliography for Jean Baudrillard's 1983 works lists Simulations (the 1983 English translation related to Simulacres et simulation) as a "Partial translation by Paul Foss, Paul Patton and Philip Beitchman." WorldCat's record for the same 1983 Semiotext(e) volume also credits Paul Patton, not "Paul Batton."

2 sources
  • Texts by Jean Baudrillard, 1983

    Simulations. Foreign agents series. New York: Semiotext(e), 1983... Partial translation by Paul Foss, Paul Patton and Philip Beitchman of Simulacres et simulation (1981).

  • Simulations | WorldCat.org

    Authors: Jean Baudrillard (Author), Paul Foss (Translator), Paul Patton (Translator), Philip Beitchman (Translator) ... Print Book, English, ©1983.

2
Claim
Éditions Galilée (French) & Semiotext(e) (English)
Correction

This mixes up two different English publications. Semiotext(e) published *Simulations* in 1983, but the first full-length English *Simulacra and Simulation* was published by the University of Michigan Press in 1994.

Full reasoning

The English publisher listed here is incorrect for Simulacra and Simulation itself. The University of Michigan Press's book page for Simulacra and Simulation identifies its English edition as a University of Michigan Press paperback from December 1994 and describes it as "the first full-length translation in English." By contrast, a UC Irvine bibliography shows that Semiotext(e) published Simulations in 1983, explicitly describing it as a partial translation of Simulacres et simulation.

So the article's infobox appears to have combined metadata from two different books: the original 1981 French Simulacres et simulation and the separate 1983 English partial translation Simulations.

2 sources
3
Claim
The actual map was expanded and destroyed as the Empire itself conquered or lost territory.
Correction

Borges's story does not say the map grew or shrank with conquests and losses. It says later generations found the 1:1 map useless and abandoned it to the weather, leaving only tattered ruins.

Full reasoning

This sentence misstates the plot of Jorge Luis Borges's "On Exactitude in Science." In retellings and quotations of the story, the map is not described as being repeatedly expanded as the empire changed size. Instead, Borges says the cartographers eventually made a 1:1 map of the empire, and later generations judged that map useless and abandoned it to the elements.

The National Gallery of Victoria summarizes the story this way: the guild creates a map so exact that it coincides with the empire itself, and subsequent generations regard it as useless and allow it to fall into disuse. A literary article in SIC Journal quotes the relevant passage directly: the cartographers made a map "which coincided point for point" with the empire; then "the following Generations... saw that that vast Map was Useless" and "delivered it up to the Inclemencies of Sun and Winters." That directly contradicts the article's claim that the map was expanded and destroyed as borders changed.

2 sources
  • On the Virtual | NGV

    In Jorge Luis Borges's short story 'On exactitude in science', the Cartographers Guild of an unknown empire creates a map of such extraordinary accuracy that it coincided exactly with the empire itself... subsequent generations... delivered it up to the Inclemencies of Sun and Winters.

  • SIC Journal | A Dream of the Perfect Map - Calvino's Invisible Cities

    The Cartographers Guilds struck a Map of the Empire whose size was that of the Empire, and which coincided point for point with it. The following Generations... saw that that vast Map was Useless... and delivered it up to the Inclemencies of Sun and Winters.

4
Claim
When the Empire crumbled, all that was left was the map.
Correction

Borges's story does not end with the empire collapsing and only the map remaining. It says only tattered ruins of the map survive in the western deserts.

Full reasoning

This sentence also misdescribes Borges's "On Exactitude in Science." The story's ending, as quoted by literary and museum sources, is not that the whole map remains after the empire collapses. Rather, later generations abandon the giant map, and only tattered ruins of it remain in the deserts.

The SIC Journal article quotes Borges directly: later generations judged the map useless and exposed it to "Sun and Winters," after which "there are Tattered Ruins of that Map." The National Gallery of Victoria likewise summarizes the ending as the map falling into disuse, with only tattered ruins remaining.

2 sources
  • SIC Journal | A Dream of the Perfect Map - Calvino's Invisible Cities

    The following Generations... saw that that vast Map was Useless... In the Deserts of the West, still today, there are Tattered Ruins of that Map, inhabited by Animals and Beggars.

  • On the Virtual | NGV

    The map... was regarded by subsequent generations as useless and pitiless... In the Deserts of the West, still today, there are Tattered Ruins of that Map, inhabited by Animals and Beggars.

Model: OPENAI_GPT_5 Prompt: v1.16.0