en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States
2 corrections found
From 1305 to 1378, the popes lived in the papal enclave of Avignon, surrounded by Provence and under the influence of the French kings.
Those dates are wrong. Standard references place the Avignon Papacy from 1309 to 1377, with Gregory XI returning to Rome in January 1377.
Full reasoning
The dates in this sentence do not match standard historical chronology.
- An Encyclopedia.com overview of late medieval papal politics labels the Avignon Papacy as 1309–1377 and explains that Clement V decided to remain at Avignon in 1309.
- Catholic Answers' historical overview likewise says the Avignon popes "resided at Avignon ... from 1309 to 1377" and notes that Gregory XI entered Rome on January 17, 1377.
So the article's range 1305 to 1378 is incorrect on both ends: the papal residence at Avignon did not begin in 1305, and it had already ended before 1378 because Gregory XI had returned to Rome in 1377.
2 sources
- Papacy and Politics in the Late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries | Encyclopedia.com
The Avignon Papacy (1309-1377) ... In 1309, during a prolonged illness, he finally decided to remain at Avignon.
- Was Avignon the "Babylon of the West"? | Catholic Answers Magazine
These pontiffs-all of them French-resided at Avignon, France, instead of Rome, from 1309 to 1377 ... Gregory processed into Rome on January 17, 1377.
In the mid-19th century, the country had three universities, in Rome, Bologna, and Perugia.
The Papal States had more than three universities in the mid-19th century. Macerata, for example, was a papal/state university in this period with four faculties.
Full reasoning
This sentence is too restrictive: at least one additional university in the Papal States existed in the mid-19th century.
The University of Macerata's official history states that after Leo XII's 1824 reorganization of the universities of the Papal State, Macerata was included among them, and that in the 1825–26 academic year it operated as a papal/state university with four faculties. Its history page further says the papal university continued until 1860, when the Marche was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy.
A general reference on the papacy and Papal States also notes that the already existing universities in the Papal States included Rome, Bologna, Perugia, and Ferrara, and that Macerata was added in 1540.
Because Macerata was still functioning as a papal university in the 19th century, the claim that the country had only three universities is factually incorrect.
3 sources
- Università di Macerata: 1825-1900
Thus the University of Macerata, having been Communal for centuries, became papal, or in other words a State University ... There were 4 Faculties ... The Papal University continued ... until 1860 when The Marche region was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy.
- Università di Macerata: origins-1824
with Leo XII's Bull 'Quod divina sapientia', which re-organised all the Universities of the Papal State, Macerata was included among the secondary Universities.
- Papacy and Papal States | Encyclopedia.com
Of the already existing universities in the Papal States (Rome, Bologna, Perugia, and Ferrara; Macerata was added in 1540) ...