en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization

Authoritative legal definitions contradict this sentence. Cornell Law School’s Legal Information Institute defines expropriation as a governmental seizure of property and explicitly says the U.S. Constitution bars such takings without just compensation. The same source gives eminent domain as a prominent example of expropriation. Cornell’s separate entry on eminent domain likewise says government may take private property only if it provides just compensation.

So the claimed distinction is backwards: eminent domain is not separate from expropriation in the way stated here, and expropriation is not inherently uncompensated.

Official histories of the canal describe the 1999 event as a treaty-based transfer of control and responsibility, not a nationalization of privately owned assets.

The U.S. Department of State’s Office of the Historian says the United States “transferred control and responsibility for the Canal to Panama” in 1999. The National Archives likewise explains that the Panama Canal Company had already been replaced by the Panama Canal Commission, a new United States Government agency, which operated the waterway until the treaty ended on December 31, 1999. And the Panama Canal Authority says the Torrijos-Carter Treaty process “ultimately put the Canal in Panamanian hands by December 31st, 1999.”

That means the 1999 change was a transfer from one government’s control to another government’s control, pursuant to treaty obligations. It was not the conversion of privately owned property into public ownership, which is what nationalization ordinarily means and how this article itself defines the term earlier.

Bundesdruckerei’s own corporate history does not say the company became state-owned again in 2008. It says the German Federal Government decided in September 2008 to buy the company back, and that “The buyback comes into effect on 8 October 2009.”

So if the article is referring to the company’s return to public ownership, 2009 is the effective date given by the company itself; 2008 was the year of the government’s decision, not the year the buyback took effect.