en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coilgun
2 corrections found
although its development reportedly started as early as 1845.
The date 1845 is impossible here. Kristian Birkeland was born in 1867, and museum/history sources place his electromagnetic-cannon idea around 1901, not 1845.
Full reasoning
This date is not just unsupported; it is chronologically impossible.
- Kristian Birkeland was born in 1867, so he could not have started developing a coilgun in 1845, 22 years before his birth.
- The Nobel Prize nomination archive lists Birkeland's birth year as 1867.
- The Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology states that in 1901 Birkeland got the idea for the electromagnetic cannon: "I 1901 fikk Kristian Birkeland en idé ..." ("In 1901 Kristian Birkeland got an idea ...").
- Birkeland's U.S. patent for the electromagnetic gun was filed on January 2, 1902 and published/granted on March 15, 1904, which fits a development timeline around 1901–1902, not 1845.
So the year 1845 is an error, very likely a typo for a much later date.
3 sources
- Nomination Archive - NobelPrize.org
Kristian Birkeland ... Year, Birth: 1867
- Den elektromagnetiske kanonen
I 1901 fikk Kristian Birkeland en idé som han håpet kunne bidra til å finansiere forskningen og gjøre ham rik.
- US754637A - Electromagnetic gun. - Google Patents
Application number US8818902A ... Filing date 1902-01-02 ... Publication date 1904-03-15
μ0 being the vacuum permeability, defined in SI units as 4π × 10−7 V·s/(A·m)
This is outdated SI metrology. Since the 2019 SI redefinition, vacuum permeability μ0 is no longer a defined exact value in SI; it is a measured quantity approximately equal to 4π×10⁻⁷ H/m.
Full reasoning
The statement says that vacuum permeability is defined in SI units as exactly (4\pi \times 10^{-7}). That used to be true under the old SI, but it is no longer correct after the SI redefinition that took effect on May 20, 2019.
- NIST explains that, with the revised SI and redefinition of the ampere, “the permeability of vacuum will not have a fixed numerical value but will become, in principle, a measurable quantity.”
- The BIPM's 2018 CGPM resolution states that from 20 May 2019, the vacuum magnetic permeability (\mu_0) equals (4\pi \times 10^{-7},\mathrm{H,m^{-1}}) with a relative uncertainty, and that “in the future, its value will be determined experimentally.”
So the exact wording "defined in SI units as" is incorrect for the current SI. A correct modern phrasing would be that (\mu_0) is approximately (4\pi \times 10^{-7},\mathrm{H/m}), not an exactly defined SI value.
2 sources
- The Permeability of Vacuum and the Revised International System of Units | NIST
One consequence is that the permeability of vacuum will not have a fixed numerical value but will become, in principle, a measurable quantity.
- Résolution 1 (2018) - BIPM
à compter du 20 mai 2019 : ... la perméabilité magnétique du vide, μ0, est égale à 4π × 10−7 H m−1 avec une incertitude-type relative ...; dans le futur, sa valeur sera déterminée de façon expérimentale