All corrections
Wikipedia August 23, 2026 at 09:37 AM

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_event_sampling

1 correction found

1
Claim
The first published rare event technique was by Herman Kahn and Theodore Edward Harris in 1951,
Correction

This date is too late. Rare-event Monte Carlo techniques were already published by Herman Kahn in 1950, and historical reviews trace the early published work to 1949–1950 rather than first appearing in 1951.

Full reasoning

The claim says the first published rare-event technique was by Kahn and Harris in 1951. But there is earlier published work.

  • PubMed lists H. Kahn, "Random sampling (Monte Carlo) techniques in neutron attenuation problems--I." as a journal article published in May 1950.
  • An IEEE Signal Processing Society historical overview of importance sampling states that the method was already used for "inference of rare events", specifically estimating the probability of nuclear particles that penetrate shields [Kahn, 1950].
  • A historical review in the 2017 Winter Simulation Conference goes further and says early advances in efficient rare-event simulation were published in Kahn and Harris (1949), Kahn (1950, 1954), etc., and discusses Kahn (1950) as an early importance-sampling source.

So the 1951 Kahn–Harris publication was not the first published rare-event technique; published rare-event simulation work existed at least by 1950, and some historical reviews point to 1949 technical reports as well.

3 sources
Model: OPENAI_GPT_5 Prompt: v1.16.0